This book examines the transformative reign of Charles III of Spain, who ruled from 1759 to 1788, within the broader context of Enlightened absolutism. As one of the most progressive Bourbon monarchs, Charles III sought to modernize Spain's political, economic, and cultural systems by embracing Enlightenment principles, including rational governance, scientific inquiry, and social reform. His reign is characterized by efforts to centralize power, reduce the influence of the Catholic Church, improve education, and invigorate Spain's economy. This book explores the intellectual influences on Charles III, particularly from figures like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau, and how these ideas shaped his policies, such as the establishment of new institutions for education and science, the encouragement of agricultural and industrial reforms, and the promotion of intellectual and artistic endeavors. It also delves into the tensions that arose between Charles's vision for a modern, centralized state and the entrenched power of the aristocracy and the Church, both of which resisted his reforms.